When Was Behaviorism Founded

When Was Behaviorism Founded? Tracing the Roots of a Psychological Paradigm

Behaviorism, a dominant school of thought in psychology for much of the 20th century, fundamentally shifted the focus of the field from internal mental states to observable behaviors. Pinpointing its exact founding date, however, is more nuanced than a simple calendar entry. Instead, its emergence represents a gradual shift in thinking, building upon earlier ideas and culminating in a distinct movement with key figures and pivotal publications. This article explores the development of behaviorism, examining its precursors and highlighting the key moments that shaped its establishment as a major psychological paradigm.

Early Influences: Paving the Way for Behaviorism

While behaviorism's formal emergence is often linked to the early 20th century, its roots extend far deeper. Philosophical traditions emphasizing empiricism, the belief that knowledge comes from sensory experience, laid essential groundwork. Thinkers like John Locke, with his concept of the "tabula rasa" (blank slate), proposed that all knowledge is acquired through experience, a premise highly compatible with behaviorist principles. Similarly, the rise of physiological psychology, focusing on the biological mechanisms underlying behavior, provided a scientific framework for understanding actions in terms of observable responses to stimuli. Ivan Pavlov's groundbreaking work on classical conditioning, beginning in the 1890s, demonstrated how involuntary reflexes could be learned through association, a concept readily adopted and expanded upon by behaviorists. Pavlov's experiments, notably his conditioning of dogs to salivate at the sound of a bell, provided a concrete, empirically verifiable model for understanding learning.

The Rise of Animal Psychology and the Rejection of Introspection:

The late 19th and early 20th centuries saw a growing interest in animal psychology. Researchers like Edward Thorndike, focusing on animal learning through trial and error, developed the "Law of Effect," which posits that behaviors followed by satisfying consequences are more likely to be repeated. This provided another crucial building block for behaviorism. Concurrently, there was a growing dissatisfaction with the dominant approach in psychology at the time – introspection. Introspection, relying on individuals' subjective reports of their inner experiences, was deemed unscientific and unreliable by many researchers. Its limitations in terms of objectivity and replicability fuelled the search for a more rigorous and empirically grounded approach.

John B. Watson and the "Manifesto" of Behaviorism (1913):

The year 1913 is generally considered a pivotal moment in the establishment of behaviorism. John B. Watson, often hailed as the "father of behaviorism," published his influential article, "Psychology as the Behaviorist Views It," in the Psychological Review. This article is frequently cited as the formal manifesto of behaviorism. In it, Watson forcefully advocated for a radical shift away from introspection, emphasizing the study of observable behavior and rejecting the study of consciousness altogether. He proposed that psychology should focus solely on the relationship between stimuli and responses, arguing that all behavior, including complex human actions, could be explained through learning principles. He famously declared that given a suitable environment and control over learning experiences, he could shape any infant into any type of specialist regardless of their inherent abilities or talents, underscoring the emphasis on environmental influence.

The Development and Refinement of Behaviorism:

Following Watson's declaration, behaviorism rapidly gained momentum. However, it wasn't a monolithic entity. Different schools of thought within behaviorism emerged, each with its own nuances and emphasis. Neobehaviorism, spearheaded by figures like Clark Hull and B.F. Skinner, incorporated intervening variables (internal processes inferred from observable behavior) into their models. Skinner, in particular, made significant contributions with his work on operant conditioning, showing how consequences shape voluntary behaviors through reinforcement and punishment. His invention of the operant conditioning chamber (Skinner box) allowed for precise experimental control and provided compelling evidence for the power of environmental contingencies in shaping behavior.

The Decline and Legacy of Behaviorism:

While dominant for many decades, behaviorism's influence began to wane in the latter half of the 20th century. Criticisms arose concerning its oversimplification of human behavior and its neglect of cognitive processes, language, and social factors. Cognitive psychology, with its focus on internal mental processes, emerged as a strong counterpoint. However, behaviorism's legacy remains significant. Its emphasis on empirical observation, controlled experimentation, and the importance of environmental factors in shaping behavior continues to influence psychological research and practice. Principles of classical and operant conditioning are widely applied in various fields, including education, therapy, and animal training.

Summary:

The founding of behaviorism wasn't a single event but a gradual process involving various thinkers and publications. Early influences like empiricism and physiological psychology laid the groundwork. Pavlov's work on classical conditioning offered a crucial empirical base. John B. Watson's 1913 article is generally seen as a pivotal moment, marking the formal articulation of behaviorism as a distinct school of thought. Subsequent developments, including neobehaviorism and Skinner's work on operant conditioning, expanded and refined the approach. Although its dominance has waned, behaviorism’s impact on psychology and other fields remains profound.

FAQs:

1. Was behaviorism solely the work of John B. Watson? No, while Watson is considered a key figure, behaviorism's development involved many researchers building upon previous work and contributing their own insights.

2. Is behaviorism still relevant today? While not the dominant paradigm, behaviorist principles continue to inform research and practice in areas like therapy, education, and animal training.

3. What are the main criticisms of behaviorism? Major criticisms include its oversimplification of human behavior, neglect of cognitive processes, and lack of consideration for biological factors and individual differences.

4. How does behaviorism differ from cognitive psychology? Behaviorism focuses on observable behaviors and their environmental determinants, while cognitive psychology emphasizes internal mental processes like memory, attention, and problem-solving.

5. Can behaviorism explain complex human behaviors like creativity or moral reasoning? Behaviorists argue that even complex behaviors can be understood through the interaction of learning principles and environmental factors, though critics argue this explanation is overly simplistic.

When Was Behaviorism Founded