Plural Of Referendum

The Perplexing Plural of Referendum: A Guide to Grammatical Clarity

The seemingly simple question of the plural of "referendum" often trips up even seasoned writers and speakers. While seemingly insignificant, the correct usage of this term, particularly in formal contexts such as official reports, news articles, or academic papers, is crucial for maintaining grammatical accuracy and conveying a professional image. Misusing the plural can lead to confusion and undermine the credibility of your communication. This article aims to clarify the complexities surrounding the plural of "referendum," addressing common challenges and providing a clear path towards accurate usage.

Understanding the Linguistic Roots

The word "referendum" originates from Latin, meaning "something referred to." This Latin origin holds the key to understanding its plural form. Many words of Latin origin have multiple acceptable plural forms, often based on their perceived grammatical function and the preferences of different style guides. This ambiguity is precisely why the plural of "referendum" causes so much confusion.

The Contenders: Referendums vs. Referenda

Two primary plural forms compete for dominance: "referendums" and "referenda."

Referendums: This is the more common and generally accepted plural form in modern English, particularly in American English. It follows the regular English rule of adding "-s" or "-es" to form the plural. Its simplicity and widespread usage make it the safer option in most situations. For instance, "Two referendums were held last year."

Referenda: This form is derived directly from the Latin plural, maintaining a more classical feel. It's more frequently encountered in British English and in contexts where a formal or scholarly tone is preferred. However, its use can sometimes appear overly pedantic or even pretentious, depending on the context. For example, "The political scientist analyzed the results of the recent referenda."

Choosing the Right Plural: Context Matters

The choice between "referendums" and "referenda" largely depends on context and intended audience. There is no universally agreed-upon "correct" form. The following guidelines can help navigate this decision:

1. Clarity and Audience: Prioritize clarity. If your audience is unfamiliar with Latinate plural forms, "referendums" is the more accessible and less likely to cause confusion.

2. Style Guide: Consult the style guide relevant to your publication or institution. Many style guides have specific preferences, and adhering to these ensures consistency. The Chicago Manual of Style, for instance, generally favors "referendums."

3. Formal vs. Informal: In formal writing, "referenda" might be considered more appropriate, especially in academic or legal settings. However, in informal settings, "referendums" is perfectly acceptable and often preferred for its simplicity.

4. Consistency: Once you've chosen a plural form, maintain consistency throughout your writing. Switching between "referendums" and "referenda" within the same piece can appear jarring and unprofessional.

Step-by-Step Guide to Selecting the Appropriate Plural

1. Identify your audience and context: Consider the level of formality and the familiarity of your audience with Latin-derived plurals.

2. Consult a style guide: Check for specific guidelines regarding the plural of "referendum" in the style guide you are following.

3. Prioritize clarity: If in doubt, choose "referendums" to ensure your meaning is easily understood.

4. Maintain consistency: Use the chosen plural form consistently throughout your writing.

Beyond the Basic Plural: Handling Complex Sentences

The complexity increases when "referendum" is part of a more complex sentence structure. Consider these examples:

"A series of referendums/referenda was held..." Here, the singular verb "was" is correct because the subject is "series," not "referendums/referenda."

"The results of the various referendums/referenda were analyzed..." In this case, the plural verb "were" agrees with the plural subject "results."

Summary

The choice between "referendums" and "referenda" as the plural of "referendum" is a stylistic one, with no definitive "right" answer. "Referendums" is generally preferred for its simplicity and wide acceptance, particularly in American English and informal contexts. "Referenda," while grammatically correct and more common in British English and formal writing, might appear overly formal or pedantic in some settings. The key is to prioritize clarity, consistency, and adherence to relevant style guides.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

1. Is it ever wrong to use "referendums"? No, using "referendums" is generally acceptable and often preferred for its clarity.

2. When is "referenda" the better choice? "Referenda" might be preferred in formal, academic, or legal writing, or when adhering to a style guide that specifies its use.

3. What if I use both "referendums" and "referenda" in the same document? This inconsistency is generally frowned upon. Choose one form and stick to it.

4. Does the context of the referendum itself affect the choice of plural? No, the type of referendum (e.g., a constitutional referendum) doesn't influence the grammatical choice of the plural form.

5. Can I use "referendums" in a scholarly paper? While "referenda" might be preferred in some scholarly circles, using "referendums" is not grammatically incorrect and is perfectly acceptable if clarity is paramount. Always check the specific guidelines of your target journal or publication.

Search Results:

surprises vs. a surprise | WordReference Forums 4 Nov 2011 · This year, the meeting of great powers has been overshadowed by outside events, jolted by surprises — Greece’s on-again, off-again referendum on an emergency bailout considered vital for the world economy — and buffeted by changing winds in small nations. The Washington Post Dear all, Does...

Forums or Fora? - WordReference Forums 24 Aug 2004 · «Constituye un problema difícil de resolver el plural de ciertos vocablos latinos empleados corrientemente en español, como plácet, réquiem, accésit, tedéum, déficit, superávit, ultimátum. Conviene evitarlos, dando a la frase el giro conveniente. (...) Se cantará un tedéum (y no Se cantarán tedéums) en todas las catedrales.

Referendums or referenda? - WordReference Forums 12 Nov 2006 · I tend to prefer "referendums" as more English sounding. The Oxford English Dictionary states that "Referendums is logically preferable as a plural form meaning ballots on one issue (as a Latin gerund, referendum has no plural). The Latin plural gerundive referenda, meaning things to be referred, necessarily connotes a plurality of issues."

référendums / référenda - WordReference Forums 15 Apr 2010 · Hello everyone! Can someone please confirm this for me: can the plural of 'référendum' in French be 'référenda', or is 'référendums' the only possibility? In English, both plurals are acceptable, but I've never come across 'référenda' in French. Merci d'avance!

A referendum is a means of democracy. - WordReference Forums 14 Feb 2021 · 'A means' must be singular', 'means' is plural, 'the means' could be either. You might think that, by analogy with 'The telephone is a means of communication' you should be able to say 'A referendum is a means of democracy' , but you will see that the logical connection of 'telephone' and 'communication' is entirely different from that of 'referendum' and 'democracy'.

plural de software - WordReference Forums 22 Sep 2010 · A menos que la respuesta sea más amplia, realmente lo que están diciendo con "se mantienen con la grafía de la lengua original para el singular y para el plural" no es que no tenga plural, sino que en caso de tener plural será el del inglés. Y entonces tendríamos que ver el uso en inglés, que se aleja del objetivo del foro "Sólo español"

a series of - singular or plural? | WordReference Forums 15 May 2012 · I just want to know whether it is possible to use a singular verb with "A series of + plural noun", as in the following sentence: "A series of cross-sectional studies was conducted in 1998, using face-to-face interviews with structured questionnaires." Thanks in advance.

plural de referendum - WordReference Forums 21 May 2007 · 1. no dicen cual es el plural de referendum, aunque me dicen que la respuesta a mi pregunta está en el diccionario panhispánico de dudas, entrada "referendo" 2. en esa entrada dice claramente que debe preferirse la forma hispanizada frente a la variante latina

family + singular / plural | WordReference Forums 15 Nov 2011 · I disagree that it's simple, because it's not a distinction between "singular nouns" versus "plural nouns". The concept here is collective noun: a noun that appears to be singular, but which can be treated as either singular or plural -- which is a preference, as ribran says, that mostly depends on the speaker's region.

Majorities/majority of those voting | WordReference Forums 22 Mar 2010 · A majority in referendum A and a majority in referendum B together make two majorities. It makes clear that there has to be a majority in each referendum rather than an overall majority of those voting.