"What if" chords, also known as secondary dominants or borrowed chords, are a powerful tool in music composition and improvisation. They aren't technically "new" chords, but rather existing chords used in unexpected ways to create harmonic interest and movement. This article will explore the concept of "what if" chords, explaining their function, application, and the creative possibilities they unlock.
Understanding the Basics: Chord Function and Roman Numeral Analysis
Before diving into "what if" chords, it's crucial to understand basic chord function within a key. Roman numeral analysis provides a framework for this. In a major key, I represents the tonic (the home chord), IV is the subdominant, and V is the dominant. These chords have specific roles in establishing tonality and creating harmonic progression. The dominant (V) naturally leads strongly to the tonic (I).
Introducing the "What If": Borrowing from Parallel Keys
The core idea behind "what if" chords lies in borrowing chords from closely related keys. The most common scenario involves borrowing the dominant chord (V) from the parallel minor key. For example, in the key of C major, the parallel minor is C minor. The dominant chord in C minor is G diminished (Gdim). Applying a "what if" approach, we might ask: "What if we used the V chord from C minor (Gdim) within our C major progression?" This creates a powerful, unexpected twist. The Gdim leads back strongly to C major, adding harmonic intrigue.
The "What If" Scenario: Secondary Dominants
This technique is frequently used with secondary dominants. A secondary dominant is the V chord leading not to the tonic of the current key, but to another chord within the key. For instance, in C major, if we want to strongly emphasize the IV chord (F major), we could use the dominant of F major (C major) as a secondary dominant. The progression might look like this: Am - G - C - F. Introducing C major before F major creates a stronger, more decisive movement towards F. The "what if" here is: "What if we prepped the IV chord with its dominant?"
Beyond the Dominant: Exploring Other "What If" Possibilities
While secondary dominants are the most frequent use of "what if" chords, the principle can be applied more broadly. We can ask "what if" about any chord in a key. For example:
Borrowing from the relative minor: In C major, the relative minor is A minor. We could borrow chords from A minor, adding a melancholic flavor to the C major progression.
Borrowing from other closely related keys: While less common, borrowing chords from keys a third or even a fifth away can produce interesting results, especially in more advanced compositions. However, it requires careful consideration of voice leading and overall harmonic coherence.
Practical Application: Composition and Improvisation
"What If" chords significantly impact both composition and improvisation. In composition, they add harmonic color and unexpected turns, making the piece more dynamic and interesting. In improvisation, they offer a wealth of possibilities for creating unique and engaging solos. By strategically inserting "what if" chords, improvisers can navigate unexpected harmonic territories, expanding their musical vocabulary and captivating the listener.
Voice Leading and Smooth Transitions: Avoiding Dissonance
While "what if" chords offer significant creative potential, it's crucial to manage voice leading effectively to prevent jarring dissonance. Smooth transitions between the "what if" chord and its resolution are essential for maintaining a pleasing and coherent harmonic flow. This often involves careful consideration of chord inversions and stepwise movement of individual voices.
Summary
"What if" chords, primarily employing secondary dominants and borrowed chords from related keys, add a layer of complexity and expressive power to music. They enable composers and improvisers to create engaging harmonic progressions and unexpected turns, expanding the possibilities within a given key. Mastering this technique involves understanding chord function, utilizing Roman numeral analysis, and carefully managing voice leading to ensure smooth transitions.
FAQs
1. What is the difference between a secondary dominant and a borrowed chord? A secondary dominant is a V chord leading to a chord other than the tonic of the current key. A borrowed chord is a chord taken from a related key, regardless of its function within that key. A secondary dominant is a type of borrowed chord.
2. Can I use "what if" chords in any style of music? Yes, "what if" chords can be used across various musical genres, although their application and frequency may vary. They are prevalent in jazz, classical, and even pop music, adding depth and richness to compositions.
3. How do I choose which "what if" chord to use? The choice depends on the desired harmonic effect and the overall context of the piece. Consider the emotional tone, the preceding and following chords, and the overall harmonic direction.
4. Are there any rules to follow when using "what if" chords? While there are no strict rules, prioritize smooth voice leading and avoid harsh dissonances. Consider the overall context and ensure the "what if" chord enhances rather than disrupts the musical flow.
5. How can I practice using "what if" chords? Start by experimenting with secondary dominants in simple progressions. Gradually incorporate borrowed chords from relative minor and parallel keys. Analyze existing music to identify how composers have used these chords effectively. Improvise over chord progressions, incorporating "what if" chords to create unique harmonic variations.
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