Mixture Fraction

Mixture Fraction: Unraveling the Composition of Turbulent Flows

Introduction:

Q: What is mixture fraction, and why is it important?

A: Mixture fraction (Z) is a conserved scalar variable that describes the local composition of a mixture in a turbulent flow, specifically in situations involving two or more distinct streams mixing. It's a powerful tool in combustion modeling and other fluid dynamics applications because it simplifies the complex interaction between different species in a flow field. Instead of tracking the concentration of every individual species, we can use a single variable, Z, which represents the fraction of mass originating from one of the fuel streams. This greatly simplifies the mathematical modeling, especially in turbulent scenarios where detailed species transport equations become computationally expensive and intractable. Its importance stems from its ability to provide a concise and efficient means of characterizing the mixing process in complex systems.

Defining and Calculating Mixture Fraction:

Q: How is the mixture fraction defined mathematically?

A: The mixture fraction is defined as the mass fraction of fuel stream material in a fluid element. Let's consider a simple case of mixing between fuel and oxidizer streams. If we define stream A as the fuel stream and stream B as the oxidizer stream, the mixture fraction (Z) at a point within the mixture is given by:

Z = (Mass of fuel stream material in the fluid element) / (Total mass of the fluid element)

This can be expressed more formally using elemental mass fractions. For a given element (e.g., carbon), the mixture fraction can be written as:

Z = (mass fraction of element in mixture - mass fraction of element in oxidizer) / (mass fraction of element in fuel - mass fraction of element in oxidizer)

This assumes that the element in question is conserved and doesn't participate in chemical reactions within the mixture. Often, carbon or hydrogen are used for this calculation in combustion applications.

Applications of Mixture Fraction in Combustion:

Q: How is mixture fraction used in combustion modeling?

A: Mixture fraction plays a crucial role in modeling combustion processes, particularly in turbulent flames. It allows for a simplified representation of the complex chemical reactions occurring within the flame. By knowing the mixture fraction at a given point, one can determine the local fuel-to-oxidizer ratio and, consequently, predict the local temperature, species concentrations, and reaction rates. This is often done through a technique called "Flamelet Generated Manifolds (FGM)" or "Conditional Moment Closure (CMC)", which pre-compute the relationships between mixture fraction and other quantities. This dramatically reduces the computational cost compared to solving full species transport equations.

Example: Consider a gas turbine combustor. Using mixture fraction, we can determine the regions of fuel-rich (Z close to 1), fuel-lean (Z close to 0), and stoichiometric (Z close to Zst, the stoichiometric mixture fraction) conditions. This allows us to better understand the flame structure, predict pollutant emissions (like NOx), and optimize the combustor design for efficiency and reduced emissions.

Mixture Fraction in Other Applications:

Q: Are there applications of mixture fraction beyond combustion?

A: Yes, the concept of mixture fraction extends beyond combustion. It's applicable to any situation involving the mixing of two or more distinct streams, regardless of whether chemical reactions are involved. For example:

Environmental flows: Modeling the dispersion of pollutants in the atmosphere or a river. The mixture fraction can track the dilution of a pollutant plume.
Material processing: Studying mixing processes in material synthesis or processing where different components need to be blended effectively.
Multiphase flows: Analyzing the mixing of different phases in situations involving liquids and gases, or different types of solids.

Challenges and Limitations:

Q: What are some limitations of using mixture fraction?

A: While mixture fraction is a powerful tool, it has some limitations:

Assumption of conserved scalars: It relies on the assumption that the chosen element used to define Z is conserved. This can be violated in some complex scenarios with significant chemical reactions.
Turbulence-chemistry interaction: Accurately modeling the interaction between turbulence and chemistry remains a challenge, even with the use of mixture fraction.
Multi-stream mixing: While extensions exist, the standard mixture fraction formulation becomes more complex when more than two streams are involved.

Conclusion:

Mixture fraction provides a valuable simplification in modeling complex turbulent mixing and reaction processes. By using a single variable to represent the composition of a mixture, it significantly reduces computational costs and provides valuable insights into the flow structure and reaction dynamics. While not without its limitations, it remains a fundamental tool in many fields involving multi-stream mixing.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs):

1. Q: How do I determine the stoichiometric mixture fraction (Zst)?
A: Zst is calculated based on the stoichiometry of the chemical reaction between fuel and oxidizer. It represents the mixture fraction at which the fuel and oxidizer are in the exact proportions needed for complete combustion. The calculation involves determining the molar ratios of fuel and oxidizer from the balanced chemical reaction.

2. Q: Can mixture fraction be used for non-premixed flames?
A: Yes, mixture fraction is particularly useful for non-premixed flames (diffusion flames) where fuel and oxidizer are initially separated and mix gradually. In premixed flames, where fuel and oxidizer are thoroughly mixed before combustion, the mixture fraction is less relevant.

3. Q: What are the differences between FGM and CMC?
A: Both FGM and CMC are methods that leverage the mixture fraction concept. FGM pre-computes the relationship between mixture fraction and other variables (temperature, species concentrations) using flamelet solutions. CMC uses probability density functions of the mixture fraction to close the moment equations of transported species. FGM is generally more computationally efficient, while CMC can handle a wider range of turbulent conditions.

4. Q: How can I visualize mixture fraction in CFD simulations?
A: CFD software packages allow for visualization of the mixture fraction field using contour plots, isosurfaces, or animations. These visualizations provide a clear picture of the mixing process and the distribution of fuel and oxidizer within the flow.

5. Q: Are there alternative methods to describe mixture composition besides mixture fraction?
A: Yes, other methods exist, such as the progress variable or the conserved scalar approach using multiple conserved scalars. The choice of method depends on the specific application and the complexity of the mixing and reaction processes involved. However, the mixture fraction remains a popular and widely used approach due to its relative simplicity and efficiency.

Search Results:

Mixture Fraction Bilger's Mixture Fraction¶ The remedy is to choose a definition of the mixture fraction that uses a linear combination of all of the elements (well, actually $n_{el}-1$). Then, all the elements have to be in the stoichiometric proportion in order to get $\xi=\xi_{st}$.

Combustion (Mixture Fraction Model) - Academic library During combustion, the mixture fraction is a conserved quantity traditionally defined as the (mass) fraction of the gas mixture that originates in the fuel stream. Thus, at a burner surface, the mixture fraction is 1 and in fresh air it is 0.

A mixture fraction framework for the theory and modeling of … 1 Feb 2011 · A mixture fraction is carefully defined for evaporation and combustion of droplets and sprays. The definition is valid at points in either the liquid or gas phases and care is taken to distinguish between definitions based on conserved scalars appropriate for heat transfer and those for mass transfer.

A multiple-inlet mixture fraction model for nonpremixed combustion 1 Mar 2015 · Once made nondimensional to vary between zero, in the oxidizer inlet stream, and unity, in the fuel inlet stream, these Shvab–Zel’dovich variables make it possible to recover the standard mixture fraction (SMF) definition.

Mixture fraction -- CFD-Wiki, the free CFD reference - CFD Online The mixture fraction measures the fuel/oxidizer ratio. It is normalized so in the oxidizer stream and in the fuel stream

7.10.1. Equivalence Ratio, Stoichiometric Mixture Fraction When the stoichiometric mixture fraction is known, the local equivalence ratio can be computed from mixture fraction according to. The stoichiometric mixture fraction depends on the fuel and the oxygen content in the oxidizer and is a property of the flamelet library.

8.1.2. Non-Premixed Combustion and Mixture Fraction Theory Information about non-premixed combustion and mixture fraction theory are presented in the following sections: 8.1.2.1. Mixture Fraction Theory; 8.1.2.2. Modeling of Turbulence-Chemistry Interaction; 8.1.2.3. Non-Adiabatic Extensions of the Non …

Properties of fractions - Fuels - Edexcel - GCSE Chemistry … In fractional distillation, such as that of crude oil, the different parts of the original mixture are called fractions. The substances in each fraction have similar boiling points to each...

Mixture fraction – Knowledge and References – Taylor & Francis Mixture fraction is defined as the ratio of the mass of the mixture having its origin in the fuel stream with the mass of the mixture in the control volume. It is the variable that couples local mass fractions of the fuel and oxidizer.

Mixture fraction analysis of combustion products in medium-scale … A mixture fraction analysis is performed to investigate the characteristics of time- averaged gaseous species measurements made along the centerline of medium- scale pool ﬁres steadily burning in a quiescent environment.

Extending the Mixture Fraction Concept to Address Under ... - NIST paper describes a method of extending the mixture fraction concept to address two-step chemistry. The two-step chemistry allows for flame extinction and the prediction of CO formation and destruction. The mixture fraction is decomposed into components representing the states of the two-step chemistry. The new model is demonstrated with two

Mixed Fractions - Math is Fun (Also called Mixed Numbers). A Mixed Fraction is a whole number and a proper fraction combined. Such as 134. See how each example is made up of...

MULTIPLE PARAMETER MIXTURE FRACTION WITH TWO … A common approach for treating combustion in practical fire models is to use the mixture fraction, a conserved scalar to which all gas species can be related. Typically, infinitely fast chemistry is assumed, in which case the technique works well for fires scenarios in which there is an adequate supply of oxygen.

Mixture fraction - Wikipedia Mixture fraction is a quantity used in combustion studies that measures the mass fraction of one stream of a mixture formed by two feed streams, one the fuel stream and the other the oxidizer stream. [1] [2] Both the feed streams are allowed to have inert gases. [3]

Mixture Fraction Formulation -- CFD Online Discussion Forums 26 May 2019 · My initial idea was to qualitatively visualize the phase boundary between unburnt and burnt gaseous phase by the mixture fraction, as you proposed. As expected, the utility calculates a more less uniform distribution in the combustion chamber.

What are unit fractions and mixed fractions? - BBC Bitesize That's a mixed fraction because it contains whole numbers and fractions. A unit fraction is any fraction where the numerator is 1, eg ¼. A non-unit fraction is a fraction where the numerator is not...

Estimating dose and exposure fraction from radiation biomarkers … Subsequently for the exposed individuals, their blood will contain a mixture of cells showing no radiation impact at all and cells featuring a distribution of counts according to dose of exposure. ... to enable an estimate of the radiation dose and irradiated fraction to be found in the presence of both zero-inflation and overdispersion. As an ...

Lecture 1 Thermodynamics of Combustion Systems The mixture fraction is an extremely useful variable in combustion in particular for diffusion flames. Here we present it first for a homogeneous system. In a two-feed system a fuel stream (subscript 1) with mass flux m 1 is mixed with an oxidizer stream (subscript 2) with mass flux m 2. The mixture fraction represents the mass fraction of the ...

Mixture Fraction The mixture fraction represents the extent of mixing between two streams. What happens when those two streams react? $\xi = F/(F+A)$ but we don't have F, A, we have F, A, Products.

DNS of MILD combustion with mixture fraction variations 1 Mar 2018 · Thus, this mixture includes a range of thermo-chemical states for a given mixture fraction value. The combustion kinetics is modelled using a 58-step skeletal mechanism including a chemiluminescent species, OH*, for methane–air combustion.

The elusive mixture fraction function... by paulgarias - GitHub Pages 11 Apr 2015 · If you use Cantera for any of your combustion analysis needs, then you have, at some point, been looking around for a tool that will compute the mixture fraction. In my case, I could not actually find one online, so I built one myself!

Mixture Fraction

Mixture Fraction: Unraveling the Composition of Turbulent Flows

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