Gecl4

GeCl₄: Unveiling the Chemistry of Germanium Tetrachloride

Germanium tetrachloride (GeCl₄) is a colorless, volatile liquid, a covalent compound featuring germanium (Ge) bonded to four chlorine (Cl) atoms. It's a crucial reagent in materials science and semiconductor technology, highlighting the importance of understanding its properties and applications. This article provides a comprehensive overview of GeCl₄, exploring its structure, properties, synthesis, reactions, and applications.

I. Molecular Structure and Bonding

GeCl₄ adopts a tetrahedral geometry. The germanium atom is at the center, surrounded by four chlorine atoms positioned at the corners of a tetrahedron. This arrangement maximizes the distance between the negatively charged chlorine atoms, minimizing electrostatic repulsion and contributing to the molecule's stability. The bonding in GeCl₄ is predominantly covalent, with germanium sharing electrons with each chlorine atom through sigma bonds. This covalent nature accounts for its relatively low melting and boiling points compared to ionic compounds. The electronegativity difference between germanium and chlorine leads to a slightly polar bond, although the overall molecule is non-polar due to its symmetrical tetrahedral structure.

II. Physical and Chemical Properties

Germanium tetrachloride is a colorless liquid with a pungent, irritating odor. Its key physical properties include:

Melting point: -49.5 °C
Boiling point: 83.1 °C
Density: 1.87 g/cm³
Solubility: It readily dissolves in non-polar solvents like benzene and chloroform, but reacts with polar solvents like water.

Chemically, GeCl₄ is a relatively reactive compound. It readily hydrolyzes in the presence of water, producing germanium dioxide (GeO₂) and hydrochloric acid (HCl):

GeCl₄ + 2H₂O → GeO₂ + 4HCl

This reaction is highly exothermic, meaning it releases significant heat. The reaction with water illustrates GeCl₄'s sensitivity to moisture, requiring careful handling and storage under anhydrous conditions. It also reacts with various other reagents, undergoing substitution and reduction reactions depending on the reacting species.

III. Synthesis of GeCl₄

The primary method for synthesizing GeCl₄ involves the direct reaction of germanium with chlorine gas at elevated temperatures:

Ge + 2Cl₂ → GeCl₄

This reaction is highly exothermic and requires controlled conditions to prevent uncontrolled reactions. Pure germanium is typically used to ensure high purity of the final product. Alternatively, GeCl₄ can be prepared by reacting germanium dioxide with concentrated hydrochloric acid:

GeO₂ + 4HCl → GeCl₄ + 2H₂O

However, this method requires subsequent purification to remove any remaining water or HCl. The purity of the starting materials significantly impacts the purity of the synthesized GeCl₄.

IV. Reactions and Applications

GeCl₄'s reactivity makes it a valuable reagent in various chemical processes. Its hydrolysis reaction, as previously mentioned, is utilized in the preparation of high-purity germanium dioxide, which finds applications in optics and electronics. Furthermore, GeCl₄ serves as a precursor in the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) of germanium thin films. In CVD, GeCl₄ is reacted with hydrogen at high temperatures to deposit a thin layer of germanium onto a substrate, a critical step in manufacturing semiconductors and optoelectronic devices. The precise control over the deposition process allows for tailoring the properties of the germanium film, leading to advanced applications.

Another important application involves the synthesis of organogermanium compounds. Reactions of GeCl₄ with organometallic reagents, such as Grignard reagents, allow the substitution of chlorine atoms with organic groups, producing various organogermanium compounds with diverse applications in organic chemistry and materials science. For instance, the reaction with methylmagnesium bromide (CH₃MgBr) produces tetramethylgermane, (CH₃)₄Ge, a useful organometallic compound.

V. Safety Precautions

Due to its reactivity and corrosive nature, GeCl₄ requires careful handling. It is highly irritating to the skin, eyes, and respiratory system. Direct contact should be avoided, and appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE), including gloves, goggles, and respiratory protection, must be used when handling GeCl₄. Work should be conducted in a well-ventilated area or a fume hood to minimize exposure to its vapors. In case of accidental contact or inhalation, immediate medical attention should be sought.

Summary

Germanium tetrachloride (GeCl₄) is a fascinating covalent compound with a tetrahedral structure and unique properties. Its synthesis, primarily through the direct reaction of germanium with chlorine, yields a highly reactive substance crucial in various applications. Its hydrolysis reaction, CVD applications in semiconductor manufacturing, and role as a precursor for organogermanium compounds highlight its significance in materials science and chemistry. However, careful handling and safety precautions are essential due to its corrosive and irritating nature.

FAQs

1. What are the environmental concerns related to GeCl₄? GeCl₄ is not considered a major environmental pollutant, but its hydrolysis products, GeO₂ and HCl, should be handled responsibly to prevent environmental contamination.

2. Is GeCl₄ flammable? GeCl₄ itself is not flammable, but its reaction with water is highly exothermic and can generate significant heat.

3. What are the storage conditions for GeCl₄? GeCl₄ should be stored in airtight containers in a cool, dry, and well-ventilated area away from moisture and incompatible materials.

4. What are some alternative precursors for germanium deposition besides GeCl₄? Other precursors include germane (GeH₄) and various germanium organometallics, each with its advantages and disadvantages concerning purity, cost, and deposition properties.

5. How is the purity of GeCl₄ assessed? Purity is typically determined using various analytical techniques, including gas chromatography (GC), mass spectrometry (MS), and elemental analysis.

Search Results:

GeCl4 - dockchemicals.com Dockweiler Chemicals GmbH Emil-von-Behring-Strasse 76 35041 Marburg Germany T +49 6421 396 -380 I F +49 6421 396 -381 [email protected]

安全データシート - FUJIFILM Wako Chemicals U.S.A. Corporation 化学式 GeCl4 化学名重量パーセント分子量化審法官報公示番号安衛法官報公示番号 CAS登録番号塩化ゲルマニウム(IV) 99.99 ( subtracting method ) 214.44 (1)-636 公表 10038-98-9 安衛法官報公示番号について表中の* は公表化学物質を表します。 4. 応急措置吸入した場合

Germanium Fibre Optic Grade - Teck Resources ˜˚˛˝˙ˆˇ˘˝ ˛˝ Germanium Germanium Tetrachloride Fibre Optic Grade Physical Data: Molecular Weight of GeCl 4 214.40 Stoichiometric Ge Content 33.86% Density (25 deg. C) 1.879 kg/m3 Boiling Temperature 83 deg. C

Chemical Equilibria in Hydrolysis of Germanium Tetrachloride and ... Abstract —The chemical equilibria in the hydrolysis of high-purity germanium tetrachloride and arsenic trichloride at low water concentrations were studied by IR spectroscopy. The equilibrium constant of AsCl 3. 3 hydrolysis was shown to correlate with the activity coefficient of AsCl .

SAFETY DATA SHEET - Fisher Sci SAFETY DATA SHEET according to Regulation UK SI 2019/758 and UK SI 2020/1577 as amended Creation Date 07-Oct-2016 Revision Date 22-Sep-2023 Revision Number 9 SECTION 1: IDENTIFICATION OF THE SUBSTANCE/MIXTURE AND OF THE

Germanium Tetrachloride 98578 R0 - Indium Corporation Germanium tetrachloride is a colorless liquid. It is used as an intermediate in the production of purified germanium dioxide and germanium metal, but more predominantly used as a reagent in fiber optic production.

Mechanism Investigation of Temperature Dependent Growth and … Abstract—Herein, we unveil the deposition and etch mechanism of GeCl4 on the SiGe surface. At the high temperature, GeCl4 is dissociated to GeCl2 and then worked as a deposition source.

GeCl4 Material Safety Data Sheet Chemical Name: Germanium … Chemical Formula: GeCl4 Contact Information: Sciencelab.com, Inc. 14025 Smith Rd. Houston, Texas 77396 US Sales: 1-800-901-7247 International Sales: 1-281-441-4400 Order Online: ScienceLab.com CHEMTREC (24HR Emergency Telephone), call: 1-800-424-9300 International CHEMTREC, call: 1-703-527-3887

Indium Corp. Germanium CorporationÂ® GeCl4 Germanium … Indium Corp. Germanium CorporationÂ® GeCl4 Germanium Tetrachloride Category : Ceramic , Halide Material Notes: Germanium tetrachloride is a colorless liquid. It is used as an intermediate in the production of purified germanium dioxide and germanium

GEG5601 GERMANIUM TETRACHLORIDE, 99.999% - Gelest, Inc. Extinguishing Media: NA Special Fire Fighting Procedures: (Note, since germanium tetrachloride is not flammable, precautions refer to mixtures with flammable materials.) Avoid eye and skin contact. Do not breathe fumes or inhale vapors.

Germanium Tetrachloride Fibre Optic Grade - teck.com Physical Data: Molecular Weight of GeCl4 214.40 Stoichiometric Ge Content 33.86% Density (25 deg. C) 1.879 kg/m3 Boiling Temperature 83 deg. C

Scattering of low-energy electrons by TiCl4, GeCl4, SiCl4 and … n this paper we present the results of electron-scattering cross section calculations for TiCl4 and GeCl4. Our calculations employed the SMCPP method at the fixed-nuclei static-ex. hange approximation, for energies from 5 eV up to 30 eV, where polarization effects are n.

GERMANIUM TETRACHLORIDE SAFETY DATA SHEET - Teck … Emergency Overview: A non-combustible, colourless, fuming liquid with a pungent, acidic odour. Reacts violently with water or moist air to produce visible white fumes containing hydrochloric acid vapour, a severe respiratory irritant and severe eye irritant which can …

SAFETY DATA SHEET 7 Oct 2016 · Germanium tetrachloride Revision Date 25-May-2017 TDG UN-No UN2922 Proper Shipping Name CORROSIVE LIQUID, TOXIC, N.O.S. Hazard Class 8 Subsidiary Hazard Class6.1 Packing Group I IATA UN-No UN2922 Proper Shipping Name CORROSIVE LIQUID, TOXIC, N.O.S. Hazard Class 8 Subsidiary Hazard Class6.1 Packing Group I IMDG/IMO

NRF REFILLING CABINET NHS VAPOR PHASE DOPING … The bulk delivery system enables refilling of the SiCl4, GeCl4 and POCl3 bubblers. System is designed to supply up to four MCVDs and includes compartments for three large raw material supplier containers.

Vacuum–UV fluorescence spectroscopy of CCl4, SiCl4 and GeCl4 … The vacuum–ultraviolet (UV) and visible spectroscopy of MCl4 (M C, Si, Ge) using fluorescence excitation and dispersed emission techniques is reported.

SAFETY DATA SHEET - Fisher Sci Germanium tetrachloride Revision Date 05-Jul-2022 moisture. Incompatible Materials Strong oxidizing agents, Strong bases, Metals, Alkali metals Hazardous Decomposition ProductsHydrogen chloride gas Hazardous Polymerization No information available. Hazardous Reactions None under normal processing. Reacts violently with water.

GeCl4 - DOCKWEILER CHEMICALS GeCl4 Product description Name: GERMANIUMTETRACHLORIDE CAS-Number: 10038-98-8 Application: CVD of Germanium containing material systems Element: Ge SCIENCE DRIVEN SOLUTIONS

四塩化ゲルマニウム [Germanium Tetrachloride] 急性毒性 (経口) 急性毒性 (吸入：蒸気) 皮膚腐食性／刺激性. 眼に対する重篤な損傷性／眼刺激性. 生殖細胞変異原性

Effect of GeCl4/SiCl4 Flow Ratio on Germanium ... - ResearchGate In this paper, we report a study conducted to examine the effect of flow GeCIJSiCl4 ratio at high temperature without phosphorus. The range of ratio is from 0.1 to 0.6 with temperature deposition...