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9 Fluorenone Solubility

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Decoding the Enigma: Unraveling the Solubility Secrets of 9-Fluorenone



Ever stared at a stubborn, undissolved compound and wondered about the microscopic dance happening at the molecular level? 9-Fluorenone, a vibrant yellow crystalline solid, presents a perfect case study in this fascinating interplay of intermolecular forces and solubility. While its striking appearance hints at its potential applications – from organic synthesis to photochemistry – its solubility behaviour remains a crucial factor in its effective utilization. So, let's dive into the fascinating world of 9-fluorenone solubility, dissecting its quirks and practical implications.

The Solvent's Influence: A Tale of Polarity



The solubility of any compound, including 9-fluorenone, is dictated primarily by the principle "like dissolves like." This means that polar solvents dissolve polar solutes, while non-polar solvents dissolve non-polar solutes. 9-Fluorenone, possessing a relatively polar carbonyl group (C=O) and a relatively non-polar aromatic ring system, presents a balanced picture. This duality directly impacts its solubility profile.

For instance, 9-fluorenone displays good solubility in polar aprotic solvents like dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and dimethylformamide (DMF). These solvents, possessing strong dipole moments, effectively interact with the carbonyl group through dipole-dipole interactions. Imagine the carbonyl oxygen acting as a magnet, attracting the positive end of the solvent molecule. In contrast, its solubility in purely non-polar solvents such as hexane is considerably lower. The relatively weak London dispersion forces between 9-fluorenone and hexane are insufficient to overcome the strong intermolecular forces within the crystalline structure of 9-fluorenone itself. This explains why you might see a frustratingly low dissolution rate if you attempt to dissolve 9-fluorenone in hexane for a reaction. Choosing the right solvent is thus crucial for efficient reactions and purifications involving 9-fluorenone.

Temperature's Role: Heating Things Up



Temperature plays a vital role in influencing solubility. Generally, increasing the temperature boosts the solubility of most solids in liquids. This is because higher temperatures provide the molecules with more kinetic energy, enabling them to overcome the intermolecular forces holding the 9-fluorenone molecules together in the solid state. Think about dissolving sugar in hot tea versus cold tea – the sugar dissolves much faster and more completely in hot tea. This principle directly applies to 9-fluorenone. If you're facing a stubborn undissolved residue in a particular solvent, gently warming the solution (always with caution and appropriate safety measures) can often significantly improve its solubility. However, remember that exceeding the solvent's boiling point can lead to safety hazards and potential loss of material.


The Impact of Impurities: A Purity Puzzle



The purity of both the 9-fluorenone and the solvent significantly influences the observed solubility. Impurities in 9-fluorenone can disrupt its crystal lattice, altering its intermolecular interactions and potentially increasing its solubility in certain solvents. Conversely, impurities in the solvent can interfere with the solute-solvent interactions, hindering the dissolution process. Therefore, using high-purity 9-fluorenone and solvents is essential for reproducible and reliable solubility data and reaction outcomes. Imagine trying to dissolve a salt contaminated with sand – the sand will hinder the salt’s dissolution. Similar effects occur in the context of 9-fluorenone.

Practical Applications: From Lab to Industry



Understanding 9-fluorenone's solubility characteristics is critical in various applications. In organic synthesis, choosing an appropriate solvent is paramount for efficient reactions. For instance, in Grignard reactions or other reactions requiring a nucleophile, a polar aprotic solvent like THF or DMF is preferred for dissolving both the 9-fluorenone and the Grignard reagent. In recrystallization, selecting a solvent in which 9-fluorenone has limited solubility at room temperature but good solubility at elevated temperatures is crucial for effective purification. A careful understanding of solubility helps in obtaining pure crystals. Industrial applications might involve choosing solvents based on cost, safety, and environmental considerations, alongside the solubility of 9-fluorenone.

Conclusion



The solubility of 9-fluorenone, while seemingly a simple concept, reveals a complex interplay of molecular forces and environmental conditions. Understanding the influence of solvent polarity, temperature, and purity is crucial for successful application in various fields, from laboratory experiments to industrial processes. By carefully selecting solvents and optimizing conditions, we can harness the full potential of 9-fluorenone in research and industry.


Expert-Level FAQs:



1. How can I quantitatively determine the solubility of 9-fluorenone in a specific solvent at a given temperature? This requires a careful experimental approach involving saturation experiments, gravimetric analysis, and possibly spectroscopic techniques to confirm the concentration of the dissolved 9-fluorenone.

2. What are the thermodynamic parameters (e.g., enthalpy and entropy of dissolution) governing 9-fluorenone solubility? These can be determined experimentally using calorimetric measurements or calculated using computational chemistry techniques.

3. How does the particle size of 9-fluorenone affect its dissolution rate? Smaller particle sizes generally lead to faster dissolution rates due to increased surface area available for interaction with the solvent.

4. Can the solubility of 9-fluorenone be significantly altered by the addition of co-solvents or complexing agents? Yes, adding a co-solvent that enhances the interaction with the carbonyl group or using a complexing agent that forms soluble complexes with 9-fluorenone can dramatically increase its solubility.

5. What are the safety considerations when working with 9-fluorenone and its solutions? 9-Fluorenone itself is not highly toxic, but appropriate safety measures, including the use of personal protective equipment (PPE) and proper waste disposal, are always recommended when handling any chemical. Also, ensure proper ventilation when heating solvents.

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Measurement and correlation of solubility of 9-fluorenone in 11 … 1 Mar 2023 · The standard enthalpies of formation of 9-fluorenone and 9-fluorenol in the crystalline phase at T = 298.15 K were determined from the energies of combustion in oxygen as −(11.4 ± 3.8) kJ·mol ...

9-FLUORENONE (9-OXOFLUORENE) - Chemicalland21.com It is insoluble in water; soluble in ether and acetone; melting point 116-117 C. It plays important part in metallocene catalysts as a ligand. It is used in the formation of polyradicals for resins. It is used in manufacturing antimalaria drugs and other pharmaceuticals.

Enhancing the Water Solubility of 9-Fluorenone Using ... - MDPI 6 May 2023 · We prepared and characterized 9-fluorenone/CD ICs and elucidated the structural details of the complexes in aqueous solution through molecular dynamics simulations, identifying the optimal host molecule for improving the water solubility of 9-fluorenone.

9H-Fluoren-9-one - NIST Chemistry WebBook 8 Apr 2012 · Sivaraman, A.; Martin, R.J.; Kobayashi, Riki, A versatile apparatus to study the vapor pressures and heats of vaporization of carbazole, 9-fluorenone and 9-hydroxyfluorene at elevated temperatures, Fluid Phase Equilibria, 1983, 12, 1-2, 175-188, https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-3812(83)85019-5.

Fluorenone - Wikipedia Fluorenone is an organic compound with the chemical formula (C6H4)2CO, a ketone with fluorene moiety. It is bright fluorescent yellow solid. [2] It is synthesised by aerobic oxidation of fluorene: [2] Fluorenone sustains up to four nitro groups giving 2,4,5,7-tetranitrofluorenone. [3]

Alfa Chemistry Materials 9-Fluorenone - MatWeb Solubility: SOL IN ALCOHOL, ACETONE, BENZENE; VERY SOL IN ETHER, TOLUENE, HOT BENZENE; Insoluble in water. Soluble in oxygenated and aromatic solvents. Molecular Formula: C13H8O. IUPAC Name: fluoren-9-one. Synonyms: 9-FLUORENON;9-FLUORENONE;9H-FLUOREN-9-ONE;FLUORENONE;FLUORENONE(9-);FLUOREN-9-ONE;AURORA KA …

SAFETY DATA SHEET - Fisher Sci 30 Oct 2019 · Synonyms 9-Fluorenone; 9H-Fluoren-9-one; Fluoren-9-one Recommended Use Laboratory chemicals. Uses advised against Food, drug, pesticide or biocidal product use.

Solubility of 9-Fluorenone in Organic Nonelectrolyte Solvents ... 27 Oct 2010 · Experimental solubilities are reported at 25.0°C for 9-fluorenone dissolved in 40 different organic nonelectrolyte solvents containing ether-, chloro-, hydroxy-, cyano and t -butyl-functional...

Solubility of 9-fluorenone, thianthrene and xanthene in organic ... 25 May 2005 · The Abraham solvation parameter model is used to calculate the numerical values of the solute descriptors for 9-fluorenone, thianthrene and xanthene from experimental solubilities in organic solvents.

Solubility of 9-Fluorenone in Organic Nonelectrolyte Solvents ... 27 Oct 2010 · Experimental solubilities are reported at 25.0C for 9-fluorenone dissolved in 40 different organic nonelectrolyte solvents containing ether-, chloro-, hydroxy-, cyano and t -butyl-functional groups. Results of these measurements are used to test the applications and limitations of expressions derived from Mobile Order theory.

9H-Fluoren-9-one - NIST Chemistry WebBook 8 Apr 2012 · CAS Registry Number: 486-25-9; Chemical structure: This structure is also available as a 2d Mol file or as a computed 3d SD file The 3d structure may be viewed using Java or Javascript. Other names: Fluoren-9-one; Fluorenone; 9-Fluorenone; 9H-Fluorene-9-one Information on this page: Notes; Other data available: Gas phase thermochemistry data

Solubility of 9-fluorenone, thianthrene and xanthene in organic ... 25 May 2005 · The molar solubility of 9-fluorenone in water, log C W = −3.98, of thianthrene in water, log C W = −5.95, and of xanthene in water, log C W = −5.21, were measured as part of the present study, and are used to calculate the solubility ratios, log(C S /C W), needed in Eq.

9 (9H)-fluorenone -- Critically Evaluated Thermophysical ... - NIST This web application provides access to a collection of critically evaluated thermodynamic property data for pure compounds with a primary focus on organics. These data were generated through dynamic data analysis, as implemented in the NIST ThermoData Engine software package [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6].

9-Fluorenone | C13H8O | CID 10241 - PubChem The major ethyl acetate-soluble metabolites were 9-fluorenone (62%), 9-fluorenol, and 2-hydroxy-9-fluorenone (together, 7.0%). Similarly to bacteria, Cunninghamella elegans oxidized fluorene at the C-9 position of the five-member ring to form as alcohol and the corresponding ketone.

Measurement and correlation of solubility of 9-fluorenone in 11 … 1 Aug 2023 · It can be found that the solubility of 9-fluorenone shows a strong temperature dependency, which increases significantly with the raise of temperature. It has the largest solubility in ethyl formate and the lowest solubility in n-hexane among 11 solvents. The solubility of 9-fluorenone in methanol and n-hexane is close

Fluorenone - Sciencemadness Wiki 27 Dec 2023 · Fluorenone or 9-fluorenone is an aromatic organic compound with the chemical formula C13H8O. Fluorenone can be reduced to fluorenol, using a reducing agent, such as zinc powder with sodium hydroxide in ethanol. Sodium dithionite can also be used. Fluorenone is bright fluorescent yellow solid at standard conditions.

9-Fluorenone, 98+%, Thermo Scientific Chemicals - Fisher Sci 9-Fluorenone is used in the preparation of antimalarial drugs. It is a fluorene derivative. Further, it is used in functional polymer and in dyes. This Thermo Scientific Chemicals brand product was originally part of the Alfa Aesar product portfolio. Some documentation and label information may refer to the legacy brand.

9-Fluorenone | 486-25-9 - ChemicalBook 27 Jan 2025 · 9-Fluorenone (CAS 486-25-9) information, including chemical properties, structure, melting point, boiling point, density, formula, molecular weight, uses, prices, suppliers, SDS and more, available at Chemicalbook.

SAFETY DATA SHEET Version 6.8 Revision Date 12/20/2024 Water solubility : 0.001 g/l slightly soluble (77 °F / 25 °C) Aldrich- F1506 Page 7 of 13 The life science business of Merck operates as MilliporeSigma in

9-Fluorenone 98 486-25-9 - MilliporeSigma Aldrich-F1506; 9-Fluorenone 0.98; CAS Number: 486-25-9; Linear Formula: C13H8O; find related products, papers, technical documents, MSDS & more at Sigma-Aldrich.