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1 Butanol Solubility In Water

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Decoding the Solubility Puzzle: 1-Butanol in Water



Understanding the solubility of organic compounds in water is crucial in various fields, from chemistry and pharmaceuticals to environmental science and engineering. This article delves into the solubility of 1-butanol in water, exploring the underlying principles that govern its behavior and the practical implications of this property. We will examine the factors influencing solubility, quantify the extent of 1-butanol's solubility, and explore its consequences in different applications.

The Nature of 1-Butanol and its Polarity



1-Butanol (CH₃CH₂CH₂CH₂OH), also known as n-butanol, is a primary alcohol with a four-carbon chain. Its molecular structure consists of a hydrophobic (water-repelling) hydrocarbon tail and a hydrophilic (water-attracting) hydroxyl (-OH) group. This dual nature is key to understanding its solubility characteristics. While the hydroxyl group can form hydrogen bonds with water molecules, the relatively long hydrocarbon chain interferes with this interaction, resulting in limited solubility compared to smaller alcohols like methanol or ethanol. The balance between the hydrophilic and hydrophobic components dictates the overall solubility.


Quantifying Solubility: A Matter of Concentration



Solubility is typically expressed as the maximum amount of solute (1-butanol, in this case) that can dissolve in a given amount of solvent (water) at a specific temperature and pressure to form a saturated solution. For 1-butanol in water, the solubility is relatively low, significantly lower than that of methanol or ethanol. At room temperature (approximately 25°C), the solubility of 1-butanol in water is approximately 7.7 grams per 100 milliliters (g/100 mL). This translates to approximately 8% (w/v) which indicates that only a limited amount of 1-butanol can dissolve in water before saturation is reached. Any additional 1-butanol added will form a separate layer.

This relatively low solubility is a direct consequence of the longer hydrocarbon chain in 1-butanol, reducing the effectiveness of the hydroxyl group's hydrogen bonding ability compared to shorter chain alcohols. The longer chain favors interaction with itself (hydrophobic interactions) rather than interacting with water molecules.

Temperature's Influence on Solubility



Like most substances, the solubility of 1-butanol in water increases with temperature. Higher temperatures provide more kinetic energy to the molecules, facilitating the overcoming of intermolecular forces and promoting dissolution. While the exact relationship requires precise experimental data, it's safe to assume that a modest increase in temperature will lead to a modest increase in 1-butanol's solubility in water. This temperature dependence is important to consider in industrial processes or environmental scenarios where temperature fluctuations may significantly affect the solubility and behavior of 1-butanol.


Practical Implications and Applications



The limited solubility of 1-butanol in water has both advantages and disadvantages depending on the application. For example, its partial water solubility makes it useful as a solvent in certain extraction processes. It can dissolve some organic compounds more effectively than pure water, while simultaneously allowing for easier separation of the water and organic phases after the extraction. However, its limited solubility also dictates its usage in applications where complete miscibility with water is required.

For instance, in pharmaceutical formulations, the low water solubility might limit its use as an excipient or solvent in aqueous solutions. Environmental considerations also arise, as the limited water solubility determines how 1-butanol behaves in aquatic systems – it is less likely to readily disperse in water bodies, potentially leading to localized concentrations in spills.


Conclusion



The solubility of 1-butanol in water is a complex phenomenon determined by the interplay between its hydrophilic hydroxyl group and hydrophobic hydrocarbon chain. Its relatively low solubility at room temperature, around 7.7 g/100 mL, highlights the dominance of the hydrophobic interactions at this temperature. While temperature influences solubility, understanding this limited solubility is crucial in various applications, from chemical extractions to environmental assessments. The balance between the hydrophilic and hydrophobic components dictates its behavior, making it a valuable yet cautiously used compound in numerous industrial and environmental contexts.


FAQs



1. Is 1-butanol miscible with water? No, 1-butanol is not completely miscible with water; it exhibits limited solubility.

2. How does the solubility of 1-butanol compare to that of ethanol? Ethanol is significantly more soluble in water than 1-butanol due to its shorter hydrocarbon chain.

3. What happens when you mix more than 7.7g of 1-butanol with 100ml of water? A saturated solution will form, and any excess 1-butanol will remain as a separate layer.

4. Does the pH affect the solubility of 1-butanol in water? The pH has minimal effect on 1-butanol's solubility in water because it is a neutral compound.

5. What are the environmental implications of 1-butanol's low water solubility? Low water solubility can lead to localized accumulation in aquatic environments following spills, requiring specific cleanup procedures.

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1-Butanol 99.9 71-36-3 - MilliporeSigma 1-Butanol is an industrial solvent that can be obtained either from petroleum feedstock or by biomass fermentation. Some of its characteristic properties include high energy content, low vapor pressure and a better capability to combine with gasoline. Synthesis of di-n-butyl ether (DBE) in a fixed-bed flow reactor via dehydration of 1-butanol in the presence of γ-alumina, zeolites, and ...

The solubility of 1-butanol in water. Symbols: literature data. Line ... This paper deals with liquid-liquid equilibrium of binary {1-butanol + water} and ternary {1-butanol + aqueous sugar solutions} systems in both water-rich and butanol-rich environments.

IUPAC-NIST Solubilities Database 18 Feb 2015 · The ternary system 1-butanol-cyclohexane-water forms a miscibility gap of type 2. The system was studied by titration method at 298.2 K in both cases. Two binary systems, cyclohexane-water and 1-butanol-water, form miscibility gaps.

Butanol - Sciencemadness Wiki 12 Sep 2019 · Butanol is a colorless viscous liquid, with a unique, unpleasant, fruity like odor, reminiscent of bananas. It is moderately soluble in water (73 g/L at 25 °C), but miscible with organic solvents such as acetone, ethanol, ethyl acetate. It boils at 117.7 °C and melts at −89.8 °C. Butanol has a density of 0.81 g/cm 3. Availability

17.2: Properties of Alcohols and Phenols - Chemistry LibreTexts 10 Feb 2025 · Small alcohols are completely soluble in water; mixing the two in any proportion generates a single solution. However, solubility decreases as the length of the hydrocarbon chain in the alcohol increases.

1-Butanol - NIST Chemistry WebBook Henry's Law constant (water solution) k H (T) = k° H exp( d (ln(k H ))/ d (1/T) ((1/T) - 1/(298.15 K))) k° H = Henry's law constant for solubility in water at 298.15 K (mol/(kg*bar))

1-Butanol - C4H9OH, 71-36-3 - Kemicalinfo 1-Butanol Solubility. C4H9OH is soluble in water and organic solvents. Its solubility in water decreases as the temperature increases. It is also soluble in polar solvents, such as ethanol and methanol. The solubility of C4H9OH in organic solvents, such as benzene and ether, is higher than in water. This makes it useful as a solvent in organic ...

Salt-specific effect on the solubility and aggregation of 1-butanol in ... 1 Aug 2024 · Our MD simulations demonstrated that all the salts examined (Na 2 SO 4, NaCl, and NaClO 4) show a salting-out effect on the solubility and aggregation of 1-butanol in water. The salting-out effect of Na 2 SO 4 was found to be the strongest, while that of …

1-Butanol | 71-36-3 - ChemicalBook 27 Feb 2025 · At 20 ℃, its solubility in water is 7.7% (by weight) while the water solubility in 1-butanol was 20.1% (by weight). It is miscible with ethanol, ether and other kinds of organic solvents. It can be used as the solvents of a variety of paints and the raw material for producing the plasticizers, dibutyl phthalate.

Butanol - Wikipedia 1-Butanol and isobutanol have limited solubility, sec-butyl alcohol has substantially greater solubility, whereas tert-butyl alcohol is miscible with water. The hydroxyl group makes the molecule polar, promoting solubility in water, while the longer hydrocarbon chain mitigates the polarity and reduces solubility.

1-Butanol - NIST Chemistry WebBook Volumes and heat capacities in the continuious phase water-n-butanol-toluene of reverse micelles, Fluid Phase Equilibria, 1986, 25, 209-230. [ all data ] Tanaka, Toyama, et al., 1986

Butanol: Properties, Reactions, Production and Uses 5 Aug 2024 · Butanol, also known as n-butanol or butan-1-ol, is a primary alcohol with the chemical formula C 4 H 9 OH. It’s a colorless liquid with a strong, unpleasant odor, similar to that of burnt whiskey. Butanol exists naturally in bound forms and concentrated in fermentation -derived fusel oils.

1-Butanol Request for Quotation - ChemBK 1 Jan 2022 · Characteristics of colorless liquid, with the taste of alcohol. solubility at 20 ℃ solubility in water 7.7% by weight, the solubility of water in n-butanol was 20.1% by weight. Miscible with ethanol, ether and other organic solvents. R37/38 - Irritating to …

The solubility of water in 1-butanol. Symbols: literature data, see ... This paper deals with liquid-liquid equilibrium of binary {1-butanol + water} and ternary {1-butanol + aqueous sugar solutions} systems in both water-rich and butanol-rich environments.

IUPAC-NIST Solubilities Database 18 Feb 2015 · The system 1-butanol-toluene-water forms a miscibility gap of type 2. Two binary systems, 1-butanol-water and toluene-water, are partially miscible. The data of these systems were compiled and critically evaluated in previously …

ICSC 0111 - 1-BUTANOL - International Programme on Chemical … Formula: C 4 H 1 0 O / CH 3 (CH 2) 3 OH Molecular mass: 74.1 Boiling point: 117°C Melting point: -90°C Relative density (water = 1): 0.81 Solubility in water, g/100ml at 20°C: 7.7 (soluble) Vapour pressure, kPa at 20°C: 0.67 Relative vapour density (air = 1): 2.6 Relative density of the vapour/air-mixture at 20°C (air = 1): 1.01

IUPAC-NIST Solubilities Database 18 Feb 2015 · Two binary systems, 1-butanol-water are partially miscible. The data of these systems were compiled and critically evaluated in previously published SDS volumes, Refs. 5 and 6, respectively.

What is 1-Butanol? - ChemicalBook 27 Nov 2024 · 1-Butanol has the boiling point of being 117.7 ℃, the density (20 ℃) being 0.8109g/cm3, the freezing point being-89.0 ℃, flash point being 36~38 ℃, self-ignition point being 689F and the refractive index being (n20D) 1.3993. At 20 ℃, its solubility in water is 7.7% (by weight) while the water solubility in 1-butanol was 20.1% (by weight).

1-Butanol - Wikipedia Butan-1-ol is one of the "fusel alcohols" (from the German for "bad liquor"), which include alcohols that have more than two carbon atoms and have significant solubility in water. [26] It is a natural component of many alcoholic beverages, albeit in low and variable concentrations.

1-Butanol | C4H10O | CID 263 - PubChem However the high solubility of butyl alcohol in water may explain the results. Butyl alcohol was probably partially taken up in the water of the dead space mucous membranes during inspiration. It was then partially released from the membranes.

Grade 7 Vertical Science - Vertical Learning The solubility of n-butanol in water is 77.0 g/L. This means that up to 77.0 g of n -butanol will dissolve in one liter of water. When an n -butanol molecule dissolves in water, instead of being surrounded by other n -butanol molecules, it is surrounded by water molecules.